Mainly used for smelting alloy steel. About 90% of the world's consumption of vanadium is used in the steel industry. Vanadium in ordinary low alloy steel is mainly used to refine grain, increase steel strength and restrain its aging effect. In alloy structural steel, it refines grain and increases strength and toughness of steel. It can be used in spring steel with chromium or manganese to increase the elastic limit of steel and improve its quality. It mainly refines the structure and grain of tool steel, increases its tempering stability, enhances its second hardening effect, improves its wear resistance and extends the service life of tool steel. Vanadium also plays a beneficial role in heat resistant steel and hydrogen resistant steel. The addition of vanadium in cast iron promotes the formation of pearlite due to the formation of carbides, which makes the cementite stable, the shape of the graphite particles fine and uniform, refining the grains of the matrix, thus improving the hardness, tensile strength and wear resistance of the casting.
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