| Description | § 184.1408(a)(1) Licorice (glycyrrhiza) root is the dried and ground rhizome and root portions of Glycyrrhiza glabra or other species of glycyrrhiza. Licorice extract is that portion of the licorice root that is, after maceration, extracted by boiling water. The extract can be further purified by filtration and by treatment with acids and ethyl alcohol. Licorice extract is sold as a liquid paste ("block"), or spraydried powder. (2) Ammoniated glycyrrhizin is prepared from the water extract of licorice root by acid precipitation followed by neutralization with dilute ammonia. Monoammonium glycyrrhizinate (C42H61016NH45H2O ) is prepared from ammoniated glycyrrhizin by solvent extraction and separation techniques. |
| Chemical Properties | Licorice (glycyrrhiza) root is the dried and ground rhizome and root portions of Glycyrrhiza glabra or other species of glycyrrhiza Ammoniated glycyrrhizin is prepared from the water extract of licorice root by acid precipitation, followed by neutral- ization with dilute ammonia Monoammonium glycyrrhizinate (C42H62O16NH45H2O) is prepared from ammoniated glycyrrhizin by solvent extraction and separation techniques. |
| Chemical Properties | white to slightly yellow powder |
| Uses | Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate is used in the synthesis of polyion complex nanocarriers which may act as a template for the design of other negatively charged water-soluble drugs. Particularly for anti-infl ammatory drugs with which Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate is associated. |
| Uses | anti-cancer agent |
| Uses | pharmaceutical excipient, GRAS, sweetener |
| Uses | Glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt is a flavoring and sweetening agent obtained from licorice flavonoids. It has a slight licorice flavor and an intense and rounded sweetness. It is soluble in water, glycerin, and propylene glycol and has good thermal stability but can degrade under prolonged heating. It is stable over a ph of 3.5-9 but could precipitate below ph of 3.5. It can be used in beverages, desserts, confectionary products, soups, and dressings. |
| Anticancer Research | Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a saponin-like compound that provides the main sweet flavourfor G. glabra (licorice), and it is commonly used in clinical treatment for itsoutstanding pharmacological action such as antitumour, anti-inflammatory andanti-oxidativeactions (Rebhun et al. 2015; Wu et al. 2015). Cai et al. (2017) triedto evaluate the anticancer properties of GA and GL against TNBC in combinationwith etoposide. |
| Safety Profile | Moderately toxic by intravenous route. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NH3. |
| Purification Methods | Crystallise the ammonium salt from glacial acetic acid, then dissolve it in ethanolic ammonia and evaporate. The pentahydrate forms needles from 75% aqueous EtOH, m 212-217o. The free acid crystallises from glacial acetic acid. [Karrer et al. Helv Chim Acta 4 100 1921, Lithgoe & Tripett J Chem Soc 1983, 1987 1950, Beilstein 18 IV 5156.] |
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